Dr. Google: Physicians-The Web-Patients Triangle: Digital Skills and Attitudes towards e-Health Solutions among Physicians in South Eastern Poland-A Cross-Sectional Study in a Pre-COVID-19 Era.

The investment in digital e-health services is a priority direction in the development of global healthcare systems. While people are increasingly using the Web for health information, it is not entirely clear what physicians' attitudes are towards digital transformation, as well as the acceptance of new technologies in healthcare. The aim of this cross-sectional survey study was to investigate physicians' self-digital skills and their opinions on obtaining online health knowledge by patients, as well as the recognition of physicians' attitudes towards e-health solutions. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to emerge the variables from self-designed questionnaire and cross-sectional analysis, comparing descriptive statistics and correlations for dependent variables using the one-way ANOVA (F-test). A total of 307 physicians participated in the study, reported as using the internet mainly several times a day (66.8%). Most participants (70.4%) were familiar with new technologies and rated their e-health literacy high, although 84.0% reported the need for additional training in this field and reported a need to introduce a larger number of subjects shaping digital skills (75.9%). 53.4% of physicians perceived Internet-sourced information as sometimes reliable and, in general, assessed the effects of its use by their patients negatively (41.7%). Digital skills increased significantly with frequency of internet use (F = 13.167; p = 0.0001) and decreased with physicians' age and the need for training. Those who claimed that patients often experienced health benefits from online health showed higher digital skills (-1.06). Physicians most often recommended their patients to obtain laboratory test results online (32.2%) and to arrange medical appointments via the Internet (27.0%). Along with the deterioration of physicians' digital skills, the recommendation of e-health solutions decreased (r = 0.413) and lowered the assessment of e-health solutions for the patient (r = 0.449). Physicians perceive digitization as a sign of the times and frequently use its tools in daily practice. The evaluation of Dr. Google's phenomenon and online health is directly related to their own e-health literacy skills, but there is still a need for practical training to deal with the digital revolution.

COVID-19-Related Predictors of Fear and Attitude to Vaccination Displayed by Polish Students.

Vaccines are one of the most important achievements of modern medicine in maintaining the health of the population. The prolonged pandemic and subsequent lockdowns meant that the new COVID-19 vaccine was regarded by scientists and society as the way to end the pandemic and return to normal life. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors responsible for the feeling of fear due to COVID-19 infection and the attitudes of medical students towards vaccination against COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was conducted online among medical students using standardized questionnaires: the Fear of COVID-19 scale and the Vaccination Attitude Examination scale. According to the results obtained, the respondents had a low level of fear of COVID-19 and the majority had positive attitudes towards vaccination against COVID-19. Regression analysis showed that the main predictors of fear of the pandemic and attitudes towards vaccination were age, sex, field of study, and sources of knowledge about vaccines. The analysis of factors related to the discussed issues can be the basis to formulate educational and preventive programs, to shape positive attitudes of future health sector employees toward the issue of preventive vaccination, as well as for the development of strategies to promote vaccination against COVID-19.

Assessment of job satisfaction, self-efficacy, and the level of professional burnout of primary and secondary school teachers in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The work of teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic created additional challenges and required them to go beyond conventional teaching methods, which in turn required teachers to be more resilient and caused stress and excessive workload. The aim of the study was to assess the level of occupational burnout, the sense of job satisfaction and the self-efficacy of primary and secondary school teachers working during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted among 412 teachers from randomly selected primary and secondary schools in the Podkarpacie region in Poland. The questionnaire contained socio-demographic data of the respondents and three standardized scales: The Scale of Job Satisfaction (SJS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and Arbeitsbesorgenes Verhaltens und Erlebenmuster (AVEM). The Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-test were used. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistica TIBCO 13.3 and R (version 3.6.1) software. Results: The satisfaction with the work of the surveyed teachers was average in the job satisfaction scale. The vast majority of the surveyed teachers presented type B (overburdened risk type) of work-related behavior, and type A (overburdened risk type) in which the probability of burnout is very high. The feeling of self-effectiveness determines the level of job satisfaction and the level of professional burnout among the surveyed teachers. Job satisfaction had a statistically significant impact on the assessment of self-efficacy of the surveyed teachers (p < 0.0001). The types of work-related behavior have a statistically significant impact on the assessment of the teachers' own effectiveness (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: There is a close relationship between teachers' level of self- efficacy, job satisfaction and, therefore it may predispose them to the occurrence of burnout syndrome in the future. Support for this professional group is needed. These findings may be important for education policy, teacher's practice, and subsequent research. Ultimately, the study may provide some suggestions for methodological and educational strategies.

Factors Influencing Nurses' Opinions on the Implementation of Nursing Advice in Poland.

In the past five years, nursing practice has changed drastically in Poland. Nurses have received many new competencies in response to the need to provide services to patients. The purpose of the study was to analyze nurses' opinions on the new rights to provide nursing advice and to identify factors that influence their opinions in this regard. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 798 nurses who work in various medical facilities. The influence of selected variables on nurses' opinions on the provision of nursing advice to patients was evaluated using logistic regression. The nurses surveyed had a positive attitude towards new competencies and believed that they were able to independently provide the patient with advice within the scope provided by Polish legislation. Logistic regression showed that the factors that statistically significantly influenced nurses' opinions on particular types of nursing advice were age (p = 0.038), education (p = 0.000), and the place of work of the respondents; that is, hospital (p = 0.016). More research is needed to demonstrate the effectiveness and quality of the implemented nursing advice and its impact on the functioning of the health system.

The Prevalence of ''Food Addiction'' during the COVID-19 Pandemic Measured Using the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) among the Adult Population of Poland.

The announcement of the coronavirus pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), ongoing restrictions and isolation led to a break with the daily routine, and suspension of social contacts, but also imposed new challenges on the population related to maintaining healthy eating habits. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of "food addiction" (FA) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland in relation to several variables including depression. The method of analysis was a questionnaire containing original questions and the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS). A total of 1022 Polish residents aged 18-75 participated in the study (N = 1022; 93.7% women, 6.3% men). The prevalence of FA during the COVID-19 pandemic measured with the YFAS 2.0 scale was 14.1%. The average weight gain during the pandemic in 39% of respondents was 6.53 kg. Along with the increase in the value of the BMI index, the intensity of "food addiction" increased in the study group. People with depression had statistically significantly more FA symptoms than healthy people. This work may motivate future research to evaluate the association and potential overlap of "food addiction" and problem eating behaviors during the pandemic and the obesity problem.

Polish Nurses' Attitude to e-Health Solutions and Self-Assessment of Their IT Competence.

In many countries, the implementation and dissemination of e-services for healthcare systems are important aspects of projects and strategies, as they contribute to significantly improving the access to such a system. The aim of the study is to analyze nurses' opinions on the application of the e-health solutions at work and the self-assessment of their IT competence. A linear stepwise regression allowed for the visualization of independent variables significantly influencing considerably the level of IT competency. Reduced IT competency was found in the group of nurses who rated the impact of the Internet and the new technologies as lower on the health care and general lives of modern people (ß = 0.203; p < 0.0001), recommended e-health solutions to a lesser extent (ß = 0.175; p < 0.0001), rated e-health solutions lower in relation to the patient (ß = 0.149; p < 0.0001), and were older in age (ß = 0.095; p = 0.0032). IT competence has become an indispensable requirement for nurses in fulfilling their professional roles. The quality of using new technologies in the work of nurses depends on their IT competence.

The Year of the Nurse during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The year 2020 was established by the World Health Organization as The Year of the Nurse and Midwife to emphasize the importance of this profession to the healthcare system. Strange but true, nurses around the world celebrated it by being frontline workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the phrase "Nursing Now" has become more important than ever. The main aim of this article was to draw attention to the fact that 2020 was the Year of the Nurse and Midwife and, indeed, their role in the fight against the pandemic is difficult overlook. Through the use of available scientific databases, documents and scientific publications related to the subject were collected and analyzed. Nurses are able to fulfill their duties as long as they are properly rewarded and provided not only with support but also better terms and conditions of employment. The investment in nurses should also be treated as an investment in the healthcare system.

Children's Eating Habits, Physical Activity, Sleep, and Media Usage before and during COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused huge changes in people's lifestyle, health, and social relationships. This situation has had an impact on children and adolescents, affecting their health, intellectual, physical, and emotional development. The survey aimed to compare eating behaviors, level of physical activity (PA), hours of sleep, and screen time among Polish children and adolescents aged 6-15 years before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We obtained self-reported data from 1016 participants at two measurement points before and during the COVID-19 lockdown in Poland to examine the influence of the lockdown and the distance learning on PA, dietary habits, sleep, and media usage of children and adolescents aged 6-15 years. The study identified dietary differences and changes in daily activity patterns (reduced sleep duration with higher sleep quality and reduced physical activity). Additionally, the increase in general media usage was observed during the pandemic alongside a reduction in smartphone usage. Together, the findings indicate increased sleep, physical activity, and reduced media usage and screen time among Polish children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The social life of COVID-19: Early insights from social media monitoring data collected in Poland.

Research has revealed that social media data may be promising in many health threats and help to understand how people respond to them. As the outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global pandemic, a real-time social media monitoring is needed to know the scale of this phenomenon. We have reported the frequency, reach and impact of online mentions about the COVID-19 illness taken from social media platforms: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, blogs, forums, and news portals to highlight and better understand the scope of coronavirus discussion in Poland. We used SentiOne social listening tool to gather the data and perform the monitoring between 24 February 2020 to 25 March 2020. We found a total of 1,415,750 mentions related to COVID-19 which gives the average 47,192 mentions per day. 95.36% (1,350,059) of mentions were people's updates and expressions, 4.64% (65,691) mentions were articles from news portals and social media. Males have dominated the online conversation about COVID-19 (65.32% vs 34.68% females). At the same time, women were more likely to discuss the topic on social media platforms such as: Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. We concluded with theoretical and practical implications.